Attitude Formation
- Attitudes formed by
- Cognitive appraisal
- Observational learning
- Self-Perception
- conscious
- behavior in situation = attitude
- Physical Movement
- certain types can induce negative attitudes and others can induce positive
- unconscious process, unaware that it's influencing attitude
- Self-Perception Theory - we infer our internal states from our behavior
- presume behavior is consistent with attitude
- reflect behavior in situation to be mirror image of attitude
- self-perception processes necessary when stimulus is too ambiguous
- Physical Movement
- Strack's pen experiment
- lip condition(frown) = 4.3 hand condition(neutral) = 4.7 teeth condition(smile) = 5.1
- act in a certain way and it can carry over into attitude
- Wells and Petty (1980) earphone experiment
- up and down bob head condition emulated agreement and rated earphones more positively
- agreeing mood leads to more positive outlook
- Cacioppo (1993) meaningless word/symbol experiment
- subjects pressing up rated more favorably
- push toward us what we like
- Embodied Condition - brain and body are deeply intertwined; reciprocal influence
- Thinking evokes bodily states (1)
- brain's thoughts orders body to move
- Bodily states influence thinking (2)
- movement adjusts thought behavior
- Genes---Basic Traits------Attitudes
- genes influence basic traits that play a role in determining attitude
Attitudes as Predictors of Behavior
- LaPiere (1934)
- experiment: traveled with Chinese couple during time of prejudice against Asians. only refuse service once out of 250 hotels/restaurants;wrote letter to each place to ascertain consistency with encountered behavior
- results: good consistency 92% No
- Wicker came up with personality coefficient as true result
- WHEN are attitudes predictors of behavior?
- Absence of Situational Constraints
- Same Level of Specificity (behavior and attitude)
- When Attitude is Potent
- Attitude is formed through Direct Experience
- Attitude is assessed Shortly Before Behavior
- For Low Self- Monitors
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