Exam 2 Review Session

• * Skim Bolded Material for Ones Not in Lecture
• Instrumental Conditioning = Operant Conditioning
• Embodied Cognition- mind and body deeply intertwined
• thinking causes bodily movement
• bodily states influences thinking
• relates to self-perception
• Self-perception- infer internal states from own behavior
• Confirmatory Bias- people seek info to back up preexisting bias
• Self-fulfilling Prophesy- treat someone the way you think they are, elicit the perceived behavior
• Cognitive Appraisal- make self think decisions were rational
• Dispositional Inference Bias - associate seen behavior to a person's personality that's actually due to a situation
• Fundamental Attribution Error- people act a certain way because that's the way they are, situation not taken into account
• Actor Observer Bias-  What you do is part of your personality, What I do is due to my situation 
• Conjunction Error- assume combo of two events is more likely than two independent events
• Aggression cue- associated with aggression; enhances aggression
• Direct Provocation - eye for an eye, retaliate aggression
• Ways to Reduce Cognitive Dissonance, know all 5
• Change Attitude (easiest)
• tell self that smoking is good
• Change Behavior (hardest)
• stop smoking entirely
• Add Cognitions
• add reasons to justify decisions
• smoking makes me feel good etc.
• Alter Importance
• right now, relaxing more important than potential lung cancer
• Reduced Perceived Choice
• convince self didn't freely choose behavior
• "I have no other choice"
• Central vs Peripheral Route
• Central
• straightforward to the facts approach
• depends on: compelling argument
• Peripheral
• quicker approach
• depends on: compelling peripheral cues
• nice
• emotional
• flashy
• weaker
• less resistant counterargument
• less predictive of actual behavior
• Recipient Double Bind vs Helper Double Bind
• Recipient Double Bind:
• want help to benefit from it
• but know will have to help them later
• affect how people see them inferiority 
• Helper Double Bind
• want to help b/c feel guilty otherwise
• don't want to convey message of superiority
• Impression Management
• want to appear consistent, reduces dissonance
• attitudes don't change
• appearance
• Catharsis vs Displacement
• Catharsis- purge anger
• Displacement- displace anger onto someone 
• Straightness Heuristic- make things tidier/simpler than are
• e.g. San Francisco or Reno, NV which is farther? Think San Francisco b/c in California but really Reno
• When Attitudes are Predictors of Behavior
• Absence of Situational Constraint
• Same Level of Specificity
• Potency of Attitude
• Attitude Formed via Direct Experience
• Attitude Assessed Shortly Before Behavior
• Low Self Monitors
• Attitude at Same Level of Specificity
• More Specific the Event, More Predictor the Attitude
• Mere Exposure - more exposure = like thing more ; doesn't work with something disliked
• Inoculation - continued exposure develops immunity to present argument [Resistance to Persuasion]
• same argument heard over and over, develop effective counterargument