*review session 7:00 2/21 Dewey 2-162
- Body Consciousness
- High score
- indicates correlation between knowing implicit and self-attributed motives
- you can self-report the implicit, non-conscious, motives accurately
- Implicit motive
- unconscious need
- more stable and consistent
- Self-attributed motive
- conscious need
- immediate responses to socially constructed situations
- Need/Motive: Strength and Weakness
- Strength
- addresses WHY
- deeper explanations
- Weakness
- not very comprehensive
- much room for additional research
- Phrenology
- Abstract qualities
- associated with brain "organs"
- "Protuberance"
- quality like cheerfulness grows along with the growth of its respective organ
- produced by strong development of organ
- once it's grown enough it becomes a bump
- Assess Personality
- by feeling head
- bump on the head that can be felt on the head
- bigger the bump, stronger the quality
- Gall and Schnerz
- pionners
- Eyesenck: argument for relation between biology and individual differences
- Consistency over time
- has to be something stable in a person to maintain personality
- biology is the only stable thing
- Same Pattern - Different Cultures
- same pattern of traits keeps showing up across cultures
- cross-culture similarities would not be possible unless there was some biological catalyst
- Genetics
- some personality differences and similarities, ex/introvert, are genetically grounded
- Eyesenck's estimate of bio-portion of personality: 2/3
- I-E: ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
- connects the spinal cord to the area of brain which regulates general arousal
- Regulates general Arousal
- high level- high arousal
- low level- low arousal
- Typical Level
- Higher for Introverts than Extroverts
- Optimal Cortical Arousal
- everyone craves this set point
- Stimulus
- Introverts- stimulus shy
- already have a high level of arousal; too much stimulation shoots them over the Optimal
- Extroverts- stimulus hungry
- already have low level of arousal; needs much stimulation to reach optimal level
- Sensitivity to Stimulation
- Introverts
- extremely high
- Extroverts
- not nearly as high as introverts
- Stability-Instbaility: S-I: visceral brain
- comprised of hippocampus, amygdala , and other sections
- Emotion Generator
- Threshold of Emotion activation
- I- low threshold of activation in visceral brain
- S- high threshold
- S-I magnifies I-E
- instability-stability amplifies/renders more extreme introversion-extroversion
- Gray's two dimensions of personality
- Anxiety Proneness and Impulsivity
- grounded in Brain
- Anxiety Proneness
- Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
- septo-hippocampal system
- activated by
- punishment stimuli
- absence of desired reward
- fear stimuli
- novel stimuli
- BIS activation
- Behavioral effects
- don't engage quickly in novel situations
- Cognitive effects
- looking for ,to avoid, problems in environment
- Affective effects
- feels fear
- Impulsivity: BAS
- dopaminergic pathways
- dopamine
- activated by
- reward stimuli
- escape
- BAS activation
- Behavioral effects
- looking forward to approach something/someone to obtain rewards
- Affecive effects
- feel hope
- combination of Anxiety proneness and Impulsivity leads to real variable
- score on one does not affect score on the other
- Eyesenk's dimensions stated in terms of BIS and BAS (*bold= high score)
- I-E
- Extrovert- high BAS/ low BIS
- high to approach and low to avoid
- Introvert- high BIS/ low BAS
- high to avoid and low to approach
- S-I
- Unstable- high BAS/low BIS
- high in approach and avoidance
- Stable- low BAS/ low BIS
- low in approach and avoidance
- Gray on psychopathology
- strong BIS/weak BAS- phobias
- strong BAS/ weak BIS- antisocial behavior
- Animal Personality
- Traits found in certain animals:
- Introversion- Extroversion
- Neuroticism
- Behavioral Genetics
- definition: genetic component determines an extent of one's behavior
- two determinants of behavior
- Nature vs Nurture
- how much of witnessed behavior is due to each side
- Dalton's Rat experiment
- one hyper group of rats; one lazy group of rats
- generations later: both descendants of these had amplified feeling of hyperness or laziness
- Behavioral Genetics methods
- Family Method
- see if people who are more genetically related to each other are more similar
- brothers are more similar than cousins, who are more similar than second cousins etc.
- parents of high status will have high status children and low status to low
- Weakness
- does not take nurture into account at all, making it unreliable
- Twin Method
- Question: Do Identical ones show more similarity than nonidentical?
- Identical twins (mono-zygote, MZ)
- Introversion- Extroversion: r = .51
- Neuroticism: r = .50
- Non-identical twins (di-zygotes, DZ)
- Introversion - Extroversion: r = .21
- Neuroticism: r = .23
- Weakness
- environment is not the same for identical and nonidentical twins
- Combination of Twin and Adoption Methods
- MZ twins raised apart/together difference
- environment is the key factor
- end up similar: genetics are vastly important
- end up different: nurture plays important role
- pinnacle of behavioral methods
- Introversion-Extroversion
- apart: r = .61
- together: r = .51
- Neuroticism
- raised apart: r = .53
- together: r = .50
- De-identification: when you are really similar to another, you try to differentiate yourself
- 40% of differences = Genetic *
- Environmental Variation (twins/brothers prime example)
- Shared Environments
- House, Class, etc.
- increasing similarities among people with same environment,
- variance of 5% for similarities in personality
- Do NOT create similar personalities
- Nonshared Environment
- Accident to you, Birth order, Relationships, etc.
- variance of 35% differences in personality
- increases differences among people
- MZ Twins
- NOT AFFECTED by shared/nonshared environments
- Correlation between separated twins' personality and biological twins' = 0
- Mischel's 1968 Critique
- proposed personality
- traits don't exist
- personality more apparent than real
- personality comprised of Nature AND Nurture
- wrote book: Personality and Assessment
- If traits-----consistency
- traits defined in consistency
- anxiety carries on to every situation for anxious people- trait perspective
- Personality coefficient: +.30
- traits and situation don't have a huge amount of overlap, low correlation
- Little Consistency
- personality does not have consistency
- more apparent than real; not there, just dreaming it up
- Biases "create" consistency
- Perceptual Bias- expectations of what we think we'll see from others' behavior creates 'consistency' in their behavior
- person tells you a girl is quiet, you do all the talking with her, you think she's quiet
- Sampling Bias- people are normally constricted by societal setting
- librarian automatically quiet introvert etc.
- 3 Camps in Response to Mischel
- Defend Traits (rebuttal)
- Situationism
- Dynamic Interactionism
- Defend Traits
- +. 30 still important
- Predictions in which small correlations matter: medicine, election, forecasting etc.
- Experimental drug example
- Aggregation- needed for high correlations between traits and behaviors
- diary study
- had people report on behavior for two weeks
- good predictor
- multiple choice exams
- more choices,aggregate then, everything comes together
- Phenotype/Genotype Distinction- outward behavior different, underlying purpose the same
- phenotype= outward
- genotype = inward
- brownie ex: politeness to accept though full; politeness to decline last for others
- phenotype = accept/decline
- genotype = politeness
- Some people are consistent, others are not
- High self-monitors- conform to situation
- Low self-monitors- true to self
- Situationism
- situation = primary cause of behavior
- if person acts same in a situation, the situation produces behavior, not something internal
- Dynamic Interactionism
- change/select/manipulate environment in consistent way
- situations have an effect because personality affected situation to begin with
- 3 types
- Proactive- select self into situations intentionally to feel better
- choose what you want to be in
- choose a job to work in , party to go to, etc.
- Evocative- self changes situations unintentionally by mere presence
- you evoke trait-relevant behavior from people in environment
- presence in situation alone is enough to evoke behavior from others
- Manipulation- self manipulates situation intentionally
- turn up music, lights: change room by behavior intentionally
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